What is the difference between the terms dedicated and desiccated

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Still, the idea of home- desiccated strawberries, apricots and mushrooms is appealing, as a way to posh up yoghurt or flavour-inject a casserole. For example, desiccation tolerance and longevity in seeds in the dry state appear to be acquired in a non-synchronous manner during development and involve different regulatory processes Chatelain et al. In this issue, Costa et al. By presenting a mix of reviews and new experimental evidence across plant and animal kingdoms, this special issue illustrates the myriad of adaptations that are required for survival in the dry state.

Despite the diversity, complexity and evolutionary position of these many desiccation-tolerant organisms, these adaptations can be readily classified into five categories that are not mutually exclusive. Using this framework, we summarize below the general topics forming this special issue, but we refer readers also to other excellent reviews for details Crowe et al. Avoidance of mechanical stress both at the macroscopic level e. An example of cell wall adaptation to drying is provided by Holzinger et al.

These authors present evidence that the flexibility of the cell wall due to pectins contributes to desiccation tolerance. In resurrection plants, the pectin matrix is also considered to maintain cell wall plasticity during desiccation by preventing irreversible polymer adhesion Moore et al. To explain the large variation in seed desiccation sensitivity during drying and longevity in the dry state, Walters calls for a re-evaluation of the mechanical stress imposed by cellular volume changes during drying.

She proposes a new model based on changes in cellular volume as a means to characterize cell responses to water stress both on a temporal and spatial scale, allowing for a quantitative evaluation of desiccation tolerance across species and tissue types. Avoidance of oxidative stress during drying and in the dry state. Several strategies exist to achieve this according to whether or not desiccation-tolerant organisms exhibit photosynthetic activity, the main generator of reactive oxygen species.

Here, Farrant et al. Furthermore, light might be an additional stressor for dry desiccation-tolerant plants. The danger of photo-oxidation in relation to desiccation tolerance is illustrated by Candotto Carniel et al.

Both light and the presence of mycosymbiont are critical to the survival of the algae in the dry state because these factors influence the deleterious oxidative burst during rehydration. The authors suggest that each partner does not contribute equally to this desiccation-tolerant symbiosis, the mycosymbiont being the weakest in ability to survive drying.

Synthesis of protective compounds to counteract the removal of water molecules and that they are necessary for the structural and functional stability of proteins and membranes in the dry state.

The nature and importance of these compounds are reviewed here in the resurrection plant X. Furthermore, Hatanaka et al. These authors also demonstrate the synergistic effects of LEA proteins and trehalose on the desiccation tolerance of genetically engineered insect and human cells, as previously achieved in yeast Tapia and Koshland Metabolism, coordination and regulation during desiccation.

This coordination is evidenced by the need for various mechanisms of preconditioning that can be necessary to elicit desiccation tolerance e. These and the kinetic properties of the responses to drying are suggestive of several coordinated layers of regulation. Examples of preconditioning and responses at the molecular level i. These changes are usually performed at the expense of cellular growth and division.

The importance of regulatory control of the balance between catabolism and anabolism in desiccation tolerance has recently been demonstrated on yeast using functional genomics Calahan et al. A survey of yeast mutants defective in genes involved in stress responses such as trehalose synthesis, DNA damage repair, antioxidants, LEA and heat shock protein HSP production were capable to survive drying like wild-type cells.

Only mutations that block respiration in stationary cells rendered them desiccation sensitive Calahan et al. It was later found by the same group that desiccation tolerance can be induced by lowering the growth rate of yeast using nutrient deficiency or non-fermentable C sources Welch et al.

Here, using a pharmacological approach, Hand and Menze show that control of energy homeostasis appears to be necessary for A. Also, new evidence is provided by Costa et al. This is an ancient and highly conserved eukaryotic energy sensor that functions as heterotrimeric complexes and its role in seed longevity has been demonstrated Rosnoblet et al. Here, mutant analysis suggests that CBSX4 plays a repressive role in desiccation tolerance during osmotic treatment Costa et al.

These mechanisms received a lot of attention in bryophytes Bewley ; Oliver et al. However, repair mechanisms in desiccation tolerance in other organisms remain poorly understood. Here, Hatanaka et al. Their observations are consistent with in vitro data showing that PM25, a seed-specific LEA protein from Medicago truncatula efficiently dissociates desiccation-induced protein aggregates during their rehydration Boucher et al. Altogether, this suggests that certain LEA proteins play a role in repair mechanisms in desiccation-tolerant organisms, particularly during rehydration.

The studies reported in this issue show that the mechanisms of desiccation tolerance are remarkably similar despite the big differences in the taxonomic, evolutionary position and complexity of the tolerant organisms. Thus, it is likely that the signatures of the critical adaptive mechanisms will be archived in their genomes.

With the development of next-generation sequencing and comparisons between desiccation-tolerant species or sister-group contrasts comparisons between desiccation-tolerant species and a close desiccation-sensitive relative , it is increasingly possible to address the evolutionary mechanisms that have led to adaptations to the dry state.

This special issue reports several examples and hypotheses regarding these mechanisms Almoguera et al. Gene duplication is considered to be an evolutionary mechanism that adds new biological function to an organism. Based on the expression characteristics of LEA genes and their genomic features in the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum and in the desiccation-tolerant midge P. Individual copies of duplicated genes can assume new functionalities Oh et al. In plants, heat shock transcription factors HSFs form a large and complex family which play a role in regulating heat stress.

They have also gained new functions by neo-functionalization and divergent expression pattern Yang et al. Indeed, seed-specific HSFs can activate a genetic program that contributes to seed longevity and to tolerance against severe stresses in seedlings reviewed here by Almoguera et al.

These authors show that ectopic expression of two sunflower HSFs in tobacco seedlings leads to the maintenance of elevated amount of HSPs during seedling establishment and delayed leaf senescence when induced by stress. They suggest that homoiochlorophyllous resurrection plant species have evolved towards desiccation tolerance by modifying seed-specific expression of transcription factors to constitutive plant-wide expression leading to the protection of the photosynthetic apparatus against water loss.

In addition to adaptation by gene duplication, stress adaptation can also occur through taxonomically restricted genes TRG. In the transcriptome of C. This raises the intriguing question as to whether pools of TRG serve as a reservoir of adaptive potential for desiccation tolerance. Finally, as well as these genomic adaptations, epigenetic controls also may play key roles in regulating desiccation tolerance, particularly when the life cycle includes a desiccation-tolerant and a sensitive phase.

For example, non-protein regulatory molecules such as non-coding RNAs could contribute to the modulation of expression networks in desiccation tolerance Giarola and Bartels Our increasing understanding of desiccation tolerance will continue to challenge our dogmas about water, life and evolution.

The rapid development of tools and approaches to delve into genomes, transcriptomes, proteomes and metabolomes is adding to our understanding of life in the dry state.

Systems biology approaches will allow to identify and connect the essential genes that make an organism desiccation tolerant and highlight redundancy and synergistic mechanisms, different regulatory pathways leading to survival in the dry state and putative trade-offs between desiccation tolerance and other necessary life-sustaining activities.

Functional genomics is now providing a tangible way to test in vivo mechanisms of desiccation tolerance that were previously only confined to in vitro system. Comparative approaches such as sister-group contrasts and ancestor—descendant comparisons will reveal how desiccation tolerance has evolved and adapted to the needs of such a wide range of organisms and ecological niches.

The development of technologies that allow us to discriminate between surviving and non-surviving organisms in the dry state at the cellular level, or allow us to characterize and measure non-invasively the very slow movements or relaxation modes of macromolecules, residual water and oxygen in the dry cells should step forward to further address the time component of desiccation tolerance. Because desiccation tolerance occurs over an enormous range of taxa and provides tolerance against extreme environmental stresses, the positive consequences of understanding how this is achieved are large.

For example, we need improved technologies to preserve dry biotic pharmaceutical products, to obtain dry and stable living human tissues Hand and Menze , to preserve our genetic resources and biodiversity seeds, pollens, meristems , particularly for those species that are difficult to maintain alive for long periods Walters and to discover new compounds such as trehalose, whose physical and biochemical properties in the dry state offer a new set of technological opportunities.

Understanding how desiccation tolerance evolved will also provide knowledge on genes that can be used to better engineer crops and improve their resistance to, and survival of drought Crowe ; Potts et al. Planta, this issue. Alpert P Sharing the secrets of life without water. Integr Comp Biol — Disc desiccation may be unavoidable for some patients, but you can help prevent it from becoming a problem earlier in life by practicing the habits listed above.

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